French Surname Meanings and Origins

Coming from the medieval French word surnom, which translates as above-or-over name, descriptive surnames names trace their use in France back to 11th century when it first became necessary to add a second name to distinguish between individuals with the same given name. Even so, the use of surnames did not become common for several centuries. Patronymic Matronymic Surnames Based on a parent’s name, patronyms and matronyms are the most common method by which French last names were constructed. Patronymic surnames are based on the fathers name and matronymic surnames on the mothers name. The mothers name was usually used only when the fathers name was unknown. Patronymic and matronymic surnames in France were formed in several different ways. The majority of French patronymic and matronymic surnames have no identifying prefix and are direct derivations of the parents given name, such as August Landry, for August, son of Landri, or Tomas Robert, for Tomas, son of Robert. The typical format of attaching a prefix or suffix meaning son of (e.g., de, des, du, lu,  or  the Norman fitz) to a given name was less common in France than in many European countries, although still prevalent. Examples include Jean de Gaulle, meaning John, son of Gaulle, or Tomas FitzRobert, or Tomas, son of Robert. Suffixes meaning little son of (-eau, -elet, -elin, -elle, -elet, and so forth) were also used. Occupational Surnames Also very common among French surnames, occupational last names are based on the person’s job or trade, such as Pierre Boulanger or Pierre, the baker. Several common occupations found prevalently as French surnames include Caron (cartwright), Fabron (blacksmith), and  Pelletier (fur trader). Descriptive Surnames Based on a unique quality of the individual, descriptive French surnames were often developed from nicknames or pet names, such as Jacques Legrand, for Jacques, the Big. Other common examples include Petit (small) and LeBlanc (blonde hair or fair complexion). Geographical Surnames Geographical or habitational French surnames are based on a person’s residence, often a former residence (for example, Yvonne Marseille means Yvonne from the village of Marseille). They may also describe the individuals specific location within a village or town, such as Michel Là ©glise, who lived  next to the church.  The prefixes de, des, du, and le (which translate to of) are also used in French geographical surnames.   Alias Surnames or Dit Names In some areas of France, a second surname may have been adopted to distinguish between different branches of the same family, especially when the families remained in the same town for generations. These alias surnames can often be found preceded by the word dit. Sometimes an individual even adopted the dit name as the family name and dropped the original surname. This practice was most common in France among soldiers and sailors. French Names With Germanic Origins As so many French surnames are derived from first names, its important to know that many common French first names have Germanic origins. However, these names became part of French culture as a result of German invasions, so having a name with Germanic origins does not necessarily mean you have German ancestors. Official Name Changes in France Beginning in 1474, those who wished to change their names were required to get permission from the King. (These official name changes can be found indexed in L Archiviste Jà ©rà ´me. Dictionnaire des changements de noms de 1803–1956 (Dictionary of changed names from 1803 to 1956). Paris: Librairie Francaise, 1974.) 100 Common French Surnames and their Meanings Abadie (abbey or family chapel)Alarie (all-powerful)Allard (noble)Anouilh (slow worm)Archambeau (bold, daring)Arsenault (gun maker, keeper of the arsenal)Auclair (clear)Barbeau (a type of fish, fisherman)Barbier (barber)Bassett (low, short, or of humble origins)Baudelaire (small sword, dagger)Beauregard (beautiful outlook)Beausoleil (beautiful sun, a sunny place)Bellamy (beautiful friend)Berger (shepherd)Bisset (weaver)Blanchet (blond, pure)Bonfils (good son)Boucher (butcher)Boulanger (baker)Brun (dark hair or complexion)Camus (snub-nosed, shirt-maker)Carpentier (carpenter)Carre (square)Cartier (transporter of goods)Chapelle (near the chapel)Charbonnier (who sells or makes charcoal)Chastain (chestnut tree)Chatelain (constable, prison warder from the Latin word  castellum, meaning â€Å"watchtower†)Chevalier (knight, horseman)Chevrolet (keeper of goats)Corbin (crow, little raven)De la Cour (of the court)De la Croix (of the cross)De la Rue (of the street)Desjardins (from the g ardens)Donadieu/Donnadieu (â€Å"given to God,† this name was often bestowed on children who became priests or nuns, or were orphaned with unknown parentage.)Dubois (by the woods or forest)Dupont (by the bridge)Dupuis (by the well)Durand (enduring)Escoffier (to dress)Farrow (ironworker)Fontaine (well or fountain)Forestier (keeper of the king’s forest)Fortier (stronghold/fort or someone who works there)Fortin (strong)Fournier (communal baker)Gagneux (farmer)Gagnon (guard dog)Garcon (boy, servant)Garnier (keeper of the granary)Guillaume (from William, meaning strength)Jourdain (one who descends)Laferriere (near an iron mine)Lafitte (near the border)Laflamme (torchbearer)Laframboise (raspberry)Lagrange (who lived near a granary)Lamar (the pool)Lambert (bright land or lamb herder)Lane (wool or wool trader)Langlois (Englishman)Laval (of the valley)Lavigne (near the vineyard)Leclerc (clerk, secretary)Lefebre (craftsman)Legrand (large or tall)Lemaitre (master craftsman)Lenoir (black, dark)Leroux (redheaded)Leroy (the king)Le Sueur (one who sews, cobbler, shoemaker)Marchand (merchant)Martel (blacksmith)Moreau (dark-skinned)Moulin (mill or miller)Petit (small or slender)Picard (someone from Picard)Poirier/Poirot (near a pear tree or orchard)Pomeroy (apple orchard)Porcher (swineherd).Proulx (brave, valiant)Remy (oarsman or cure/remedy)Richelieu (place of wealth)Roche (near a rocky hill)Sartre (tailor, someone who sews clothing)Sergeant (one who serves)Serrurier (locksmith)Simon (one who listens)Thibaut (brave, bold)Toussaint (all saints)Travers (near the bridge or ford)Vachon (cowherd)Vaillancourt (low-lying farm)Vercher (farmland)Verne (alder tree)Vieux (old)Violette (violet)Voland (one who flies, agile)

Oedipus the King Unrealistic or Realistic Essay - 2008 Words

Oedipus Rex – Unrealistic or Realistic Let’s explore the traces of realsim and its opposite in Sophocles’ tragedy, Oedipus Rex. The first obvious question is: How can this drama possibly be considered realistic since it relies so heavily on predetermination and fate in the life of the protagonist, Oedipus? As Jocasta recounts to Oedipus: An oracle Once came to Laius (I will not say Twas from the Delphic god himself, but from His ministers) declaring he was doomed To perish by the hand of his own son, A child that should be born to him by me. Charles Segal in Oedipus Tyrannus has a solid rebuttal to what appears predestination: The issues of destiny,†¦show more content†¦. . . He describes his position in . . . words which show that in his heart he wants full and absolute authority. . . . The suppliant people approach him almost as a god, and he is honored as a saviour. . . . Such honours, as every Greek knew, are dangerous, for they may lead to â€Å"hybris† (74-75). Of course, Oedipus completely dominates the drama with his strong, well-rounded character and with his position in the spotlight during the duration of the play. Since he is a very realistic type, this is a vote in favor of realism. But what about the well-known fact of the presence of mythology in the dramas of the Attic tragedians? C. M. Bowra in â€Å"Sophocles’ Use of Mythology† states that Greek myths have a strong presence in Attic tragedy: The three Attica tragedians, Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, all used familiar myths for their tragedies, and nearly always drew on heroic stories. . . . Myth provided the framework for drama, which illustrated in a highly concrete and cogent way some important crisis or problem, and that is why Greek tragedy can be called symbolical. 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Understanding Aerospace How To Fly An Aircraft Free Essays

1. The complicated task of piloting an aircraft can be broken into two broad categories. The first is keeping the aircraft flying. We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Aerospace: How To Fly An Aircraft or any similar topic only for you Order Now The second is arriving at a given destination. The second is always being effected by the first. Unlike a car, small deviation in course can over great distances cause the aircraft to arrive hundreds of miles from the target destination. To successfully accomplish the task, safe arrival, the larger tasks can be sub-divided into three categories. The first is the Procedural Tasks. These are the maintenance task that must be accomplished every time in a certain way at a certain time, i.e. take off and landing checklists. The next is Decision and Judgement Tasks. Problem solving is another way to look at it. The crew will react based on past experience to a given situation. The last is Communications and Resource Management. This is how the crew communicates with each other while problem solving, either poorly or well. 2. The pilot uses visual cues such as rate of flow of texture outward from or convergence of parallel linear features to visually fly the aircraft. Estimates of speed are derived from global optic flow (GOL). This is the rate that texture flows over the optical area. This can be effected by elevation, at higher elevations underestimation of true speed will occur. Approach path distortions occur when there is a slope before the landing strip or other visual features such as dwarfed trees. The human eye is not designed for conditions found in flight. Planes that are a collision course have no apparent movement to them. This takes the natural attraction to movement out of play. Because of the lack of visual stimulation the eye will focus only a few meters in front, so distant objects are unfocused. The scanning of instruments provides a source of input that allows the pilot to visualize the position of aircraft in flight. The novice pilot will scan all the instruments in a given pattern. While the experienced pilot will look at all the instrument that will give them feedback on the action that occurred. Of the main instrument the most useful is the attitude direction indicator (ADI). This is the instrument most referred and the one that most novice pilot will get fixated with. It is also the only one that resembles an aircraft and provides information in a format other than an analog circular dial. 3. Situational awareness is the ability to keep track of your surroundings and what they mean. Then predict how any change in them will effect your actions. This is measured the best, according to the author, by adding a task that can be performed well only when surrounding events are well know. The types of displays that best support awareness of position is best conveyed via 3-D. Speed of the aircraft is interpreted with a higher degree of accuracy in 2-D displays. Heads up displays (HUD) have been used for some time to give pilots information in away that allowed them to keep their attention outside of the cockpit. The thought is naturally to add more information to this already useful instrument. This would most likely result in the loss of information due to cluttering. Some information is lost in the HUD because of overlap with dominant terrain features. This might be avoided using a heads down display (HDD) type. They both have advantages and disadvantages. These may both be used to some extent with types of automation. The pilot may end up monitoring the flight only being called on when there is a problem. This results in the pilot being dissociated from the situation that they are to solve. Thus loosing time needed to solve the crisis trying to reorient themselves. A better way may be to use automation to provide information pertaining to the situation, i.e. filtering information. How to cite Understanding Aerospace: How To Fly An Aircraft, Essay examples

Local Labor Market Effects of Import Competition - Free samples

Question: Describe about the Local Labor Market Effects of Import Competition. Answer: Macroeconomics is that branch of economics that studies the behavior of the aggregate economy. Activities and topics such as inflation, unemployment and gross domestic product are studied in the theory of macroeconomics. The author critically analyzes the article titled as Wage Rise as U.S. Unemployment Rate Falls Below five percent. The article was published by Nelson D. Schwartz in February 2016. Unemployment is a situation of joblessness where the employees do not have any source of income for a certain period of time. The main concern of the article is to discuss whether the rise in wages reduces unemployment in the economy especially in America. The rise in the wages that is salary that workers get for the work they do led to a fall in the unemployment rate in America (Schwartz, 2016). The unemployment rate in America is falling from 2013 and is currently below five percent according to labor bureau of statistics. The main reason for rise in wages in America is that companies want to retain the employees that are efficient. The market of America is efficient despite of economic activities such as disturbances in stock market, slow market of china and risks due to growing emerging market. The labor market is growing despite of turmoil in financial market (Schwartz, 2016). The efficiency wage theory can be used to describe such scenario where the companies are ready to pay higher wages to retain the experienced employees. The interest rate is likely to increase in next fiscal year because of the downward pressure on prices from strong dollar and slow pace of hiring (Weiss, 2014). The minimum wage is the wage that the employers have to pay the employees and cannot pay less than that. The rise in the minimum wages also one of the factors that led to a rise in the salary of employees. The main fear of the corporate in America is that rise in wages could decrease the profit margin as the cost of production would rise. The economy of America is likely to have lees effect of recession because of the rise in income, employment and home values (Low Pay Commission, 2013). Slow growth of chinas market, collapse of oil prices and decrease in sales are some of the economic activities that are likely to affect the economy. Fall in the prices of oil led many workers jobless as some of energy industries could not maintain the profit level. The wage rate was rising and the oil prices were falling due to which the cost of production was high (David et al., 2013). The recovery of the American market began in 2009 and its biggest achievement was rise in wages and fall in unemployment. The amount of job creation has fallen. However, seasonal and cyclical unemployment do exists where the workers are laid off due to changes in economic activities. For example a rise in the price of oil can lead to unemployment as the companies are not able to cop up with the cost. Figure: unemployment rate in America (Source: Schwartz, 2016). The government of America should increase the wage rate not much as it will then lead to unemployment. As the cost of production rises the producers will stop hiring the employees. This will lead to a rise in unemployment. In order to solve the problem of unemployment government of America should open more jobs for the youth of the country. Government should also concentrate on providing training and development and invest on education so that employers does not have to think twice before hiring the employees. References David, H., Dorn, D., Hanson, G. H. (2013). The China syndrome: Local labor market effects of import competition in the United States.The American Economic Review,103(6), 2121-2168. Low Pay Commission. (2013).National Minimum Wage: Low Pay Commission Report 2013(Vol. 8565). The Stationery Office. Schwartz, N. (2016). Wages Rise as U.S. Unemployment Rate Falls Below 5%. Nytimes.com. Retrieved 20 July 2016, from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/06/business/economy/jobs-report-unemployment-january-fed-interest-rates.html?_r=0 Weiss, A. (2014).Efficiency wages: Models of unemployment, layoffs, and wage dispersion. Princeton University Press.